Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus Gossypium in the mallow family Malvaceae. a shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world. The fiber most often is spun into yarn or thread and used to make a soft, breathable textile, which is the most widely used textile fiber in the world. Cotton cultivation first spread from India to Egypt, China, and the South Pacific.

Each cotton fiber is composed of concentric layers. The cuticle layer on the fiber itself is separable from the fiber and consists of wax and pectin materials.

Cotton fibers are mainly made up of cellulose. Cellulose does not form unless temperatures are over 70 °F (21 °C). The cotton fibers are attached to the seeds inside the boll of the plant. There are usually six or seven seeds in a boll and up to 20,000 fibers attached to each seed. The length of these fibers (also called staples) is the main determining factor in the quality of the cotton. In general, the longer the staple grows the higher the quality of the cotton. Staple lengths are divided into short, medium, and long (and extra long, in some cases):

Short staple cotton is between 3/8” to 15/16” (.95cm to 2.4cm) in length
Medium staple cotton is between 1” to 1-1/8” (2.54cm to 2.86cm) in length
Long staple cotton is between 1-3/16” to 2-1/2” (3cm to 6.35cm) in length

Properties of Cotton Fiber
It has 8% moisture regain
The cellulose is arranged in a way that gives cotton unique properties of strength, durability, and absorbency
It is fresh, crisp, comfortable, absorbent, flexible, has no pilling problems and has good resistance to alkalis
It has poor wrinkle resistance, shrinkage, poor acid resistance, less abrasion resistance, susceptible to damage by moths and mildew, needs lots of maintenance and stains are difficult to remove
Its fiber length ranges from ½ inches to 2inches
It has 10%increase in strength when wet.

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